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      Important Note: 
      Recorded Meetings will only be available during
      each semester (6 months period) due to GDPR regulation.
    • Άνοιξε: Τετάρτη, 2 Ιουλίου 2025, 12:00 AM
      Λήξη: Δευτέρα, 25 Αυγούστου 2025, 11:59 PM

      PART A

      Instructions:

      You will create a timeline with annotations including the following four key historical terrorism examples:

      • Late 19th Century Russian Anarchists
      • EOKA 
      • Provisional IRA 
      • Islamic State

      For each, provide:

      • Date range
      • Target(s) and methods used
      • Key motivation (political, religious, or ethnic)
      • One root cause (e.g., foreign occupation, economic injustice, nationalism)

      PART B

      Instructions:

      Write a 300-word report on the Islamic State (ISIS) covering:

      • Tactics (e.g., bombings, beheadings, territorial control)
      • Media strategy (use of Twitter, videos, global messaging)

      PART C

      Instructions

      Read the following three scenarios. For each, answer the following:

      • What type(s) of terrorism is this? (Political, Religious, Ethnic — select all that apply)
      • Explain your reasoning using evidence from the IRA and ISIS case studies.

      Scenario A: A nationalist group targets government buildings and military sites, demanding independence for a specific region. They warn civilians in advance and claim responsibility as “freedom fighters.”

      Scenario B: An armed group uses suicide bombers in crowded markets to instill fear. They declare jihad and recruit fighters globally, citing religious justification and martyrdom.

      Scenario C: A minority ethnic group attacks rival communities with the goal of cleansing their region. They distribute propaganda emphasizing ethnic superiority and victimhood.

      PART D

      Instructions:

      You are a national security advisor responding to a major ISIS-inspired attack in your country (mass casualties in a civilian area, claimed by an online video). Draft a formal policy memo (approx. 300 words) recommending:

      • One short-term response (e.g., increased surveillance, military action)
      • One long-term strategy (e.g., community engagement, online monitoring)
      • Two civil liberty safeguards (e.g., judicial oversight, sunset clauses)
  • Αξιολόγηση Μαθήματος και Aκαδημαϊκών - Instructor and Course Evaluation

  • Course's Goals & Learning Outcomes

  • Bibliography

    books icon

    • This is an aggregated list. For specific chapters and pages, see the required readings of each week.

      • Silke A. ed. (2019). Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism. New York: Routledge
      • Kydd, Andrew H., and Barbara F. Walter. “The Strategies of Terrorism.” International Security 31, no. 1 (2006): 49–80. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.49.
      • Abrahms, M. (2024) The Routledge Companion to Terrorism Studies: New Perspectives and Topics. London: Routledge.
      • Schmid, A. P. (2023). ‘Defining Terrorism’. ICCT Report, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). https://www.icct.nl/sites/default/files/2023-03/Schmidt%20-%20Defining%20Terrorism_1.pdf
      • Law, R. D. (2024). Terrorism: A history. John Wiley & Sons. Chaters 12 & 13
      • Awan, I., (2016). ‘Extremism, radicalisation and terrorism’. In Extremism, counter-terrorism and policing (pp. 15-30). Routledge.
      • Ganor, B. (2002). “Defining terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter?” Police Practice and Research, 3(4), pp. 287–304
      • Parker T. and Sitter N. (2016). “The Four Horsemen of Terrorism: It’s Not Waves, It’s Strains.” Terrorism and Political Violence, 28 (2), pp. 197-216
      • Gupta, D. K. (2005). Exploring roots of terrorism. In Bjørgo, T. (Ed.). Root causes of terrorism: Myths, reality and ways forward. Routledge. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=29312806-6999-3b43-9c46-0467b48a1e1f
      • Bakker, Ε. & van Zuijdewijn J. (2022). Terrorism and Counterterrorism Studies: Comparing Theory and Practice. LUP Textbooks. (51-69)
      • Ahmed. R. (2018) ‘Terrorist Group Types and Tactic Choice’, Journal of Applied Security Research, 13(1), pp. 89-110,
      • Lynn, J. (2019). Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism. Yale University Press. [pp. 105-267]
      • Musharbash, Y. (2021). “The Globalization of Far-Right Extremism: An Investigative Report”, CTC Sentinel 14(6): 39-47
      • Hassanein, A. (2020). “The Rise and Fall of the Islamic State: Current Challenges and Future Prospects”, Asian Times 51 (1), pp. 71-94
      • Chenoweth, E. et al. (2019) The Oxford handbook of terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • Conflict, Violence and Terrorism Research Center

      International Centre for Counter-Terrorism

      African Center for the Study and Research of Terrorism

      International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research

      Combating Terrorism Center

      Center for Defence and Security Studies

      Center for Conflict and Peace Studies

      Center for Research on Extremism

      Handa Center for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence

      Centre for the Prevention of Violence of Radicalisation Leading to Violence

      Institute for Security and Global Affairs

      Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism

      Institute for Security Studies

      Conflict, Violence and Terrorism Research Center

      International Centre for Counter-Terrorism

      European Institute for Counter-Terrorism and Conflict Prevention

      Resolve Network

      Center for Defence and Security Studies

  • Scheduled Teleconferences

    teleconference

    Teleconferences' schedule (changes will be announced beforehand in the announcements at the top of the page)

    The video recordings of the teleconferences are available here

    Teleconferences

    Topics/
    Weeks

    Date Time

    Teleconference Link

    1st 1-3 Wed. 5/3/2025 17.00-20.00 Teams
    2nd 4-6 Fri. 28/3/2025 17.00-20.00 Teams
    3rd 7-9 Fri. 11/4/2025 17.00-20.00 Teams
    4th 10-12 Fri. 27/5/2025 17.00-19.00 Teams
  • Scheduled Learning Activities & Evaluation

    test icon

    To successfully complet the course, students need to obtain a passing grade (i.e. at least 50%) in interactive activities, mid-term assessment and final examination

    Also, specifically with regard to mini-activities, please note that the passing grade (which accounts for 20% of the overall grade) does not require each mini-activity to have a passing grade but DEFINITELY requires the submission of all four activities; otherwise they are all repeated in the resit examination. 

    The submission of both the mid-term essay and the 4 other (mini) graded activities must be done on time. Please submit at least one day before the deadline, in order to avoid possible technical malfunctions resulting from the submission of too many papers at the last minute.

    Graded Learning Activities:  

    Type of activity

    Weight (%) on final grade

    1st (graded) interactive activity

    5%

    20%

    2nd (graded) interactive activity

    5%

    3rd (graded) interactive activity

    5%

    4th (graded) interactive activity

    5%

    Mid-term essay

    20%

    Final Assessment

    60%

    Total

    100%

  • Graded interactive activities

    • Λήξη: Τετάρτη, 26 Μαρτίου 2025, 11:59 PM

      Activity: Comparative Analysis of ISIS and PKK

      Objective: Identify one similarity and one difference between the root causes of ISIS and PKK terrorism.

      Instructions:

      1. Familiarize yourself with the historical, political, and social contexts in which these groups emerged.
      2. Gather information on the following aspects: Historical context and origins, Socioeconomic factors, Political dynamics, Cultural and religious influences, Psychological factors
      3. Identify one similarity between the root causes of ISIS and PKK terrorism.
      4. Identify one difference between the root causes of ISIS and PKK terrorism.
      5. Engage in a discussion to reflect on the findings.

      Rubric:

      • Selection of sources (30 points)
      • Quality of findings’ analysis (40 points)
      • Discussion with peers (30 points)

      Overall grade (100 points)

    • Λήξη: Παρασκευή, 18 Απριλίου 2025, 11:59 PM

      Analyzing the Tactical Dimensions of Terrorism Across Ideological Strands

      Objective: Critically examine the tactical aspects of terrorism, including target selection and methods of attack, while comparing different ideological motivations (religious, right-wing, left-wing, ethno-nationalist, and single-issue extremism).


      Part 1: Case Study Analysis

      Instructions:
      Select two terrorist attacks. They should belong to different ideological currents:

      1. Religious Terrorism

      • 9/11 Attacks (2001, Al-Qaeda)
      • Mumbai Attacks (2008, Lashkar-e-Taiba)
      • Paris Attacks (2015, ISIS)

      2. Right-Wing Terrorism

      • Oklahoma City Bombing (1995, Timothy McVeigh)
      • Christchurch Mosque Shootings (2019, Brenton Tarrant)
      • El Paso Walmart Shooting (2019, Patrick Crusius)

      3. Left-Wing

      • Occupation of West German Embassy in Stockholm (1975, RAF)
      • Kidnapping of Italian PM Aldo Moro (1978, Red Brigades)
      • Attack on Athens judicial complex (Evelpidon) (2003, Revolutionary Struggle)

      4. Ethno-Nationalist/Separatist Terrorism

      • Brighton Hotel Bombing (1984, IRA)
      • Attack on Spanish PM Luis Carrero Blanco (1973, ETA)
      • Beslan School Siege (2004, Chechen rebels)

      5. Single-Issue Terrorism

      • Birmingham Clinic Bombing (1998, Eric Rudolph)
      • Vail Ski Resort attack (2001, Earth Liberation Front (ELF))
      • UCLA Attack (2006, Animal Liberation Front)

      Consider the follwoing questions:

      1. Target Selection: Why did the attackers choose this target? Consider ideology, symbolism, and vulnerability.
      2. Method of Attack: What tactics were used (e.g., bombing, shooting, arson)? 
      3. Operational Planning: Was this a lone-actor attack or a coordinated cell?
      4. Media & Propaganda: Did the attackers use manifestos, live-streaming, or media statements?
      5. Comparative Tactical Assessment: How did ideology influence their tactics?

       

      Part 2: 

      Instructions:

      1. Create a powerpoint presentation (not more than 5 slides) in which you will present your main findings.

      Rubric

      • Selection and analysis of cases (30 points)

      • Analysis of data (40 points)

      • Presentation of data (30 points)

      Total 100 points

    • Λήξη: Παρασκευή, 2 Μαΐου 2025, 11:59 PM

      Debate on Whether Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Should be Viewed as an Ethnically or Religiously Motivated Terrorist Group

      Objective: Engage in a thoughtful debate on whether Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) should be classified as an ethnically or religiously motivated terrorist group.

      Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Gather information on their origins, ideology, activities, and statements from leaders.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.

      2. Posting Initial Arguments:
        • Post your initial arguments in the forum. Clearly state your position (ethnically or religiously motivated) and provide at least two supporting points with evidence.

      3. Responding to Peers:
        • After posting your initial arguments, read at least two of your peers' posts and respond to them.
        • In your responses:
          • Respectfully agree or disagree with your peer's position.
          • Provide additional evidence or counterarguments to support your stance.
          • Ask clarifying questions or offer alternative perspectives.
        • Engage in meaningful and respectful dialogue.

      4. Reflection:
        • Consider the following questions:
          • What were the main arguments for and against viewing HTS as an ethnically or religiously motivated terrorist group?
          • How did engaging in this debate impact your understanding of the issue?
          • Did any perspectives or evidence presented by your peers change or reinforce your views?

      * The deadline for submitting your original post is May 2nd. The deadline for commenting on your peers post is May 5th.  

      Rubric:

      • Selection of sources (30 points)
      • Quality of analysis (40 points)
      • Discussion with peers (30 points)

      Overall grade (100 points)

    • h5pactivity icon
      H5P
      Interactive activity 10 (Graded) H5P

      Exercise topic: The history and characteristics of ISIS

      Instructions for students:

      1. Study the history and characteristics of ISIS.
      2. Browse the interactive Q&A game created using the Lumi tool.
      3. Answer the 10 questions of the quiz (multiple choice, fill in the blanks, true-false).
      4. Ponder one how ISIS is different to other groups.

      Deadline: 3/6/2025

      The grade of the first attempt is recorded

      Διατίθεται μέχρι 4 Ιουνίου 2025, 11:55 PM
  • MidTerm Assessment (essay)

    • Λήξη: Δευτέρα, 12 Μαΐου 2025, 11:59 PM

      On November 13, 2015, a series of violent attacks shook Paris. A total of six coordinated attacks were carried out, most notably the seize of the Bataclan theatre, where a concert was taking place. The toll of the attacks was 137 dead and over 400 wounded. It was one of the deadliest attacks in Europe's history and prompted a review of anti-terrorism policies in France and more broadly in Europe.

       

      Analyze the attacks by answering at least three (3) of the following questions: 

      • Can the attack be classified as terrorist? Explain why.
      • Drawing from the typologies that we have examined, in which category/form of terrorism you would place the attacks? What were the organizational characteristics of the perpetrators?
      • What were the operational characteristics of the attacks?
      • What were the root causes behind the radicalisation of the perpetrators? 
      • Could the attacks have been predicted and prevented? What mistakes were made by the authorities and what lessons can we draw?

       

      Your essay should be 1500-2000 words.

      References list is not included in the word count.

      Deadline:  12/5/2025. No late submissions will be accepted.

  • Detailed outline of course's weekly modules

  • First Week

    no1

    • Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Gather information on the Taliban's history, actions, and international designations.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.

      2. Posting Initial Arguments:
        • Reflect on whether the Taliban should be classified as terrorists and why. 
        • Post your initial arguments in the forum. Clearly state your position (for or against) and provide at least two supporting points with evidence.

      3. Responding to Peers:
        • After posting your initial arguments, read at least two of your peers' posts and respond to them.
        • In your responses:
          • Respectfully agree or disagree with your peer's position.
          • Provide additional evidence or counterarguments to support your stance.
          • Ask clarifying questions or offer alternative perspectives.
        • Engage in a meaningful and respectful dialogue.

       

      Remember, this is a learning forum, and everyone's input is valuable. The more engaged and thoughtful your contributions are, the richer the discussion will be. The forum will be open for a set period, so make sure to participate actively and respect the perspectives of your fellow participants.  Remember to cite the sources used in your discussion and maintain a respectful and inclusive atmosphere during the chat activity. Happy learning and debating!

  • Second Week

    no1

    • Instructions for Students:

      1. Study the characteristics of the groups operating under each of the four waves.
      2. Browse the interactive Q&A game created using the Lumi tool.
      3. Answer the 10 questions of the quiz (multiple choice, fill in the blanks, true-false).
      4. Ponder one whether categorization is straightforward.
  • Third Week

  • Fourth Week

  • Fifth Week

    no1

    • Debate on Policing the Internet to Deny Its Use by Terrorist Groups

      Objective: Engage in a thoughtful debate on whether the Internet should be policed to deny its use by terrorist groups.

      Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Gather information on the role of the Internet in terrorism, current policing measures, and their effectiveness.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.
      2. Posting Initial Arguments:
        • Post your initial arguments in the forum. Clearly state your position (for or against) and provide at least two supporting points with evidence.
      3. Responding to Peers:
        • After posting your initial arguments, read at least two of your peers' posts and respond to them.
        • In your responses:
          • Respectfully agree or disagree with your peer's position.
          • Provide additional evidence or counterarguments to support your stance.
          • Ask clarifying questions or offer alternative perspectives.
        • Engage in a meaningful and respectful dialogue.
      4. Reflection:
        • After the debate period, reflect on the discussion and write a brief summary of what you learned.
        • Consider the following questions:
          • What were the main arguments for and against policing the Internet to deny its use by terrorist groups?
          • How did engaging in this debate impact your understanding of the issue?
          • Did any perspectives or evidence presented by your peers change or reinforce your views?
  • Sixth Week

    no1

    • Debate on Whether Europe is Currently Threatened by Left- or Right-Wing Terrorism

      Objective: Engage in a thoughtful debate on whether Europe is currently threatened more by left-wing or right-wing terrorism.

      Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Gather information on recent terrorist incidents, trends, and the activities of both left-wing and right-wing extremist groups in Europe.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.
      2. Posting Initial Arguments:
        • Post your initial arguments in the forum. Clearly state your position (left-wing or right-wing) and provide at least two supporting points with evidence.
      3. Responding to Peers:
        • After posting your initial arguments, read at least two of your peers' posts and respond to them.
        • In your responses:
          • Respectfully agree or disagree with your peer's position.
          • Provide additional evidence or counterarguments to support your stance.
          • Ask clarifying questions or offer alternative perspectives.
        • Engage in a meaningful and respectful dialogue.
      4. Reflection:
        • After the debate period, reflect on the discussion and write a brief summary of what you learned.
        • Consider the following questions:
          • What were the main arguments for and against the assertion that Europe is more threatened by left-wing or right-wing terrorism?
          • How did engaging in this debate impact your understanding of the issue?
          • Did any perspectives or evidence presented by your peers change or reinforce your views?
  • Seventh Week

    no1

    • Real-Time Scenario Activity: Drafting a Report on Religiously Motivated Terrorist Groups in the Middle East

      Objective: Impersonate researchers in the US-based think tank Middle East Institute and draft a report on religiously motivated terrorist groups in the Middle East for 2024.

      Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Review the activity objective.
        • Spend time researching the topic. Gather information on various religiously motivated terrorist groups operating in the Middle East.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.
      2. Identifying Key Groups:
        • Identify the main religiously motivated terrorist groups operating in the Middle East. Examples include ISIS, Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda, and Hamas.
        • Provide a brief overview of each group's history, ideology, and objectives.
      3. Drafting the Report:
        • Select one group you think as the most important.
        • Address the following aspects:
          • Area(s) of Operation: Describe the geographical regions where the group operates. Include specific countries and key territories controlled or influenced by the group.
          • Size of the Group: Estimate the size of the group, including the number of active members and supporters. Use available data and sources to provide accurate estimates.
          • Links to Other Groups: Examine the group's connections to other terrorist organizations inside and outside Africa. Include alliances, support networks, and any collaborative activities.
        • Analysis:
          • Analyze the impact of these groups on regional and global security.
          • Discuss the challenges in countering religiously motivated terrorism.
        • Conclusion:
          • Summarize the key findings of the report.
          • Highlight the importance of continued research and collaboration to address the threat of terrorism.
  • Εighth Week

  • Ninth Week

    no1

    • Debate on Whether the Return of the IRA’s Terrorism is a Distinct Possibility or Fiction

      Objective: Engage in a thoughtful debate on whether the return of the IRA’s terrorism is a distinct possibility or fiction.

      Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Gather information on the history of the IRA, recent developments in Northern Ireland, and expert opinions on the likelihood of the IRA's resurgence.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.
      2. Posting Initial Arguments:
        • Post your initial arguments in the forum. Clearly state your position (possibility or fiction) and provide at least two supporting points with evidence.
      3. Responding to Peers:
        • After posting your initial arguments, read at least two of your peers' posts and respond to them.
        • In your responses:
          • Respectfully agree or disagree with your peer's position.
          • Provide additional evidence or counterarguments to support your stance.
          • Ask clarifying questions or offer alternative perspectives.
        • Engage in meaningful and respectful dialogue.
      4. Reflection:
        • Consider the following questions:
          • What were the main arguments for and against the assertion that the return of the IRA’s terrorism is a distinct possibility or fiction?
          • How did engaging in this debate impact your understanding of the issue?
          • Did any perspectives or evidence presented by your peers change or reinforce your views?
  • Tenth Week

  • Vacation period

    relax

  • Εleventh Week

    no1

    • Real-Time Scenario Activity: Drafting a Counter-Terrorism Proposition as Advisors to the President and Minister of Defence in France

      Objective: Impersonate counter-terrorism advisors to the President and Minister of Defence in France, draft a counter-terrorism proposition, and explain whether a “soft” or a “hard power counter-terrorism” approach would successfully counter ISIS / Al Qaeda in France.

      Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Review the activity objective.
        • Spend time researching the topic. Gather information on the history, ideologies, and activities of ISIS and Al Qaeda, as well as current counter-terrorism strategies in France.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.
      2. Understanding Soft Power vs. Hard Power:
        • Soft Power: Refers to strategies that use non-coercive methods to influence and persuade, such as diplomacy, cultural exchanges, education, and economic incentives.
        • Hard Power: Refers to the use of coercive methods, including military force, law enforcement, and stringent security measures.
      3. Drafting the Counter-Terrorism Proposition:
        • Divide the proposition into sections, addressing the following aspects:
          • Introduction: Briefly introduce the current threat posed by ISIS and Al Qaeda in France.
          • Assessment of the Threat: Analyze the current activities, capabilities, and influence of ISIS and Al Qaeda in France.
          • Proposed Strategies: Outline specific strategies for countering the threat. Clearly state whether you recommend a soft power, hard power, or a combination approach.
          • Justification: Provide evidence and reasoning to support your recommended approach. Include case studies, data, and expert opinions.
  • Τwelfth Week

    no1

    • Debate on Whether the Use of Torture is Justifiable Under Certain Circumstances

      Objective: Engage in a thoughtful debate on whether the use of torture is justifiable under certain circumstances.

      Instructions:

      1. Introduction:
        • Gather information on the ethical, legal, and practical implications of using torture, including relevant case studies and expert opinions.
        • Use credible sources such as academic articles, government reports, and reputable news outlets.
      2. Posting Initial Arguments:
        • Post your initial arguments in the forum. Clearly state your position (for or against) and provide at least two supporting points with evidence.
      3. Responding to Peers:
        • After posting your initial arguments, read at least two of your peers' posts and respond to them.
        • In your responses:
          • Respectfully agree or disagree with your peer's position.
          • Provide additional evidence or counterarguments to support your stance.
          • Ask clarifying questions or offer alternative perspectives.
        • Engage in meaningful and respectful dialogue.
      4. Reflection:
        • After the debate period, consider the following questions:
          • What were the main arguments for and against the justification of torture under certain circumstances?
          • How did engaging in this debate impact your understanding of the issue?
          • Did any perspectives or evidence presented by your peers change or reinforce your views?
  • Final Exam - Τελική Εξέταση